References
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- Mayo Clinic. ACL injury: symptoms & causes. Diseases & Conditions. Accessed September 22, 2023. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350738
- Treuting R. Minimally invasive orthopedic surgery: arthroscopy. Ochsner J. 2000;2(3):158-163.
- Connolly PT, Zittel KW, Panish BJ, Rigor PD, Argintar EH. A comparison of postoperative pain between anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and repair. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2021;31(7):1403-1409. doi:10.1007/s00590-020-02859-0
- Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS. Return to sports following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament in the adult population. Knee. 2020;27(3):906-914. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2020.04.001
- Lowenstein NA, Haber DB, Ostergaard PJ, Collins JE, Matzkin EG. All-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadrupled semitendinosus: comparable 2-year outcomes in male and female patients. Arthroscopy. 2021;37(10):3140-3148. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2021.03.077
- Xerogeanes JW, Godfrey W, Gebrelul A, et al. Clinical outcomes of all soft tissue quadriceps tendon autograft in ACL reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5(7 suppl6):2325967117S00310. doi:10.1177/2325967117S00310
- Lopes R, Klouche S, Odri G, Grimaud O, Lanternier H, Hardy P. Does retrograde tibial tunnel drilling decrease subchondral bone lesions during ACL reconstruction? a prospective trial comparing retrograde to antegrade technique. Knee. 2016;23(1):111-115. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2015.09.010
- Blackman AJ, Stuart MJ. All-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg. 2014;27(5):347-352. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1381960
- van Eck CF, Limpisvasti O, ElAttrache NS. Is there a role for internal bracing and repair of the anterior cruciate ligament? a systematic literature review. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(9):2291-2298. doi:10.1177/0363546517717956
- Benea H, d'Astorg H, Klouche S, Bauer T, Tomoaia G, Hardy P. Pain evaluation after all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and short term functional results of a prospective randomized study. Knee. 2014;21(1):102-106. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2013.09.006
- Bodendorfer BM, Michaelson EM, Shu HT, et al. Suture augmented versus standard anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a matched comparative analysis. Arthroscopy. 2019;35(7):2114-2122. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.01.054
About ACL Injuries
- Mayo Clinic. ACL injury: symptoms & causes. Diseases & Conditions. Accessed September 22, 2023. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350738
- Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS. Return to sports following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament in the adult population. Knee. 2020;27(3):906-914. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2020.04.001
- Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS. Patients forget about their operated knee more following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament than following reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2020;36(3):797-804. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.09.041
- Douoguih WA, Zade RT, Bodendorfer BM, Siddiqui Y, Lincoln AE. Anterior cruciate ligament repair with suture augmentation for proximal avulsion injuries. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2020;2(5):e475-e480. doi:10.1016/j.asmr.2020.05.003
- van der List JP, DiFelice GS. Role of tear location on outcomes of open primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: a systematic review of historical studies. Knee. 2017;24(5):898-908. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2017.05.009
- van der List JP, Mintz DN, DiFelice GS. The location of anterior cruciate ligament tears: a prevalence study using magnetic resonance imaging. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5(6):2325967117709966. doi:10.1177/2325967117709966
Treatment Options: Repair
- van der List JP, DiFelice GS. Range of motion and complications following primary repair versus reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Knee. 2017;24(4):798-807. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2017.04.007
- Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS. Patients forget about their operated knee more following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament than following reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2020;36(3):797-804. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.09.041
- Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS. Return to sports following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament in the adult population. Knee. 2020;27(3):906-914. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2020.04.001
- Mayo Clinic. ACL injury: diagnosis & treatment. Diseases & Conditions. Accessed September 22, 2023. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350744
- Connolly PT, Zittel KW, Panish BJ, Rigor PD, Argintar EH. A comparison of postoperative pain between anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and repair. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2021;31(7):1403-1409. doi:10.1007/s00590-020-02859-0
- Douoguih WA, Zade RT, Bodendorfer BM, Siddiqui Y, Lincoln AE. Anterior cruciate ligament repair with suture augmentation for proximal avulsion injuries. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2020;2(5):e475-e480. doi:10.1016/j.asmr.2020.05.003
- van der List JP, DiFelice GS. Primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: a paradigm shift. Surgeon. 2017;15(3):161-168. doi:10.1016/j.surge.2016.09.006
- van der List JP, DiFelice GS. Role of tear location on outcomes of open primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: a systematic review of historical studies. Knee. 2017;24(5):898-908. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2017.05.009
Treatment Options: Reconstruction
- Benea H, d'Astorg H, Klouche S, Bauer T, Tomoaia G, Hardy P. Pain evaluation after all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and short term functional results of a prospective randomized study. Knee. 2014;21(1):102-106. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2013.09.006
- Lubowitz JH, Schwartzberg R, Smith P. Randomized controlled trial comparing all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a full tibial tunnel. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(7):1195-1200. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.04.009
- Lopes R, Klouche S, Odri G, Grimaud O, Lanternier H, Hardy P. Does retrograde tibial tunnel drilling decrease subchondral bone lesions during ACL reconstruction? a prospective trial comparing retrograde to antegrade technique. Knee. 2016;23(1):111-115. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2015.09.010
- Blackman AJ, Stuart MJ. All-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg. 2014;27(5):347-352. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1381960
- van der List JP, DiFelice GS. Primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament: a paradigm shift. Surgeon. 2017;15(3):161-168. doi:10.1016/j.surge.2016.09.006
- Lowenstein NA, Haber DB, Ostergaard PJ, Collins JE, Matzkin EG. All-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadrupled semitendinosus: comparable 2-year outcomes in male and female patients. Arthroscopy. 2021;37(10):3140-3148. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2021.03.077
- Xerogeanes JW, Godfrey W, Gebrelul A, et al. Clinical outcomes of all soft tissue quadriceps tendon autograft in ACL reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5(7 suppl6):2325967117S00310. doi:10.1177/2325967117S00310
- Smith PA, Cook CS, Bley JA. All-inside quadrupled semitendinosus autograft shows stability equivalent to patellar tendon autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: randomized controlled trial in athletes 24 years or younger. Arthroscopy. 2020;36(6):1629-1646. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2020.01.048
- Bodendorfer BM, Michaelson EM, Shu HT, et al. Suture augmented versus standard anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a matched comparative analysis. Arthroscopy. 2019;35(7):2114-2122. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.01.054
- Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS. Return to sports following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament in the adult population. Knee. 2020;27(3):906-914. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2020.04.001
- Mayo Clinic. ACL injury: diagnosis & treatment. Diseases & Conditions. Accessed September 22, 2023. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350744
- Shani RH, Umpierez E, Nasert M, Hiza EA, Xerogeanes J. Biomechanical comparison of quadriceps and patellar tendon grafts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(1):71-75. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2015.06.051
- Lind M, Nielsen TG, Soerensen OG, Mygind-Klavsen B, Faunø P. Quadriceps tendon grafts does not cause patients to have inferior subjective outcome after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction than do hamstring grafts: a 2-year prospective randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(3):183-187. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101000
- Runer A, Csapo R, Hepperger C, Herbort M, Hoser C, Fink C. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with quadriceps tendon autograft result in lower graft rupture rates but similar patient-reported outcomes as compared with hamstring tendon autograft: a comparison of 875 patients. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48(9):2195-2204. doi:10.1177/0363546520931829
- Horstmann H, Petri M, Tegtbur U, Felmet G, Krettek C, Jagodzinski M. Quadriceps and hamstring tendon autografts in ACL reconstruction yield comparably good results in a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2022;142(2):281-289. doi:10.1007/s00402-021-03862-8
- Dhammi IK, Rehan-Ul-Haq, Kumar S. Graft choices for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Indian J Orthop. 2015;49(2):127-128. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.152393
- Mohtadi NG, Chan DS, Dainty KN, Whelan DB. Patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament rupture in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;2011(9):CD005960. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005960.pub2
- Frank RM, Hamamoto JT, Bernardoni E, et al. ACL reconstruction basics: quadruple (4-strand) hamstring autograft harvest. Arthrosc Tech. 2017;6(4):e1309-e1313. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2017.05.024
- Benner RW, Shelbourne KD. The Case for the Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. In: The Anterior Cruciate Ligament. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2018:78-80.
- Hacken BA, Keyt LK, Leland DP, et al. A novel scoring instrument to assess donor site morbidity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a patellar tendon autograft at 2-year follow-up using contemporary graft-harvesting techniques. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(6):2325967120925482. doi:10.1177/2325967120925482
- Iosifidis MI, Tsarouhas A. Allografts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Sports Injuries. 2010;421-430. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15630-4_58
- Greaves LL, Hecker AT, Brown CH Jr. The effect of donor age and low-dose gamma irradiation on the initial biomechanical properties of human tibialis tendon allografts. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(7):1358-1366. doi:10.1177/0363546508314394
- Ghodadra NS, Mall NA, Grumet R, et al. Interval arthrometric comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft versus allograft: do grafts attenuate within the first year postoperatively? Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(6):1347-1354. doi:10.1177/0363546512440685
- Aguila CM, Delcroix GJ, Kaimrajh DN, Milne EL, Temple HT, Latta LL. Effects of gamma irradiation on the biomechanical properties of peroneus tendons. Open Access J Sports Med. 2016;7:123-127. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S109156
- Lansdown DA, Riff AJ, Meadows M, Yanke AB, Bach BR Jr. What factors influence the biomechanical properties of allograft tissue for ACL reconstruction? a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(10):2412-2426. doi:10.1007/s11999-017-5330-926.
- Allograft bioimplant. Directions for use (63-0016-01 Rev. 10). LifeNet Health.
Treatment Options: Supplemental Treatment Options
- van Eck CF, Limpisvasti O, ElAttrache NS. Is there a role for internal bracing and repair of the anterior cruciate ligament? a systematic literature review. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(9):2291-2298. doi:10.1177/0363546517717956
- Burton DA, Schaefer EJ, Shu HT, Bodendorfer BM, Argintar EH. Primary anterior cruciate ligament repair using suture tape augmentation: a case series of 29 patients with minimum 2-year follow-up. Arthroscopy. 2021;37(4):1235-1241. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2020.11.034
- Noonan BC, Bachmaier S, Wijdicks CA, Bedi A. Independent suture tape reinforcement of tripled smaller-diameter and quadrupled grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with tibial screw fixation: a biomechanical full construct model. Arthroscopy. 2020;36(2):481-489. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.06.036
- Bachmaier S, Smith PA, Bley J, Wijdicks CA. Independent suture tape reinforcement of small and standard diameter grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical full construct model. Arthroscopy. 2018;34(2):490-499. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2017.10.037
- Bodendorfer BM, Michaelson EM, Shu HT, et al. Suture augmented versus standard anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a matched comparative analysis. Arthroscopy. 2019;35(7):2114-2122. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.01.054
- Heusdens CHW, Hopper GP, Dossche L, Roelant E, Mackay GM. Anterior cruciate ligament repair with independent suture tape reinforcement: a case series with 2-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019;27(1):60-67. doi:10.1007/s00167-018-5239-1
- Sonnery-Cottet B, Haidar I, Rayes J, et al. Long-term graft rupture rates after combined ACL and anterolateral ligament reconstruction versus isolated ACL reconstruction: a matched-pair analysis from the SANTI study group. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49(11):2889-2897. doi:10.1177/03635465211028990
- Monaco E, Carrozzo A, Saithna A, et al. Isolated ACL reconstruction versus ACL reconstruction combined with lateral extra-articular tenodesis: a comparative study of clinical outcomes in adolescent patients. Am J Sports Med. 2022;50(12):3244-3255. doi:10.1177/03635465221118377
FAQs
- Mayo Clinic. ACL injury: symptoms & causes. Diseases & Conditions. Accessed September 22, 2023. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350738
- Connolly PT, Zittel KW, Panish BJ, Rigor PD, Argintar EH. A comparison of postoperative pain between anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and repair. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2021;31(7):1403-1409. doi:10.1007/s00590-020-02859-0
- Vermeijden HD, van der List JP, O'Brien R, DiFelice GS. Return to sports following arthroscopic primary repair of the anterior cruciate ligament in the adult population. Knee. 2020;27(3):906-914. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2020.04.001
- Lowenstein NA, Haber DB, Ostergaard PJ, Collins JE, Matzkin EG. All-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadrupled semitendinosus: comparable 2-year outcomes in male and female patients. Arthroscopy. 2021;37(10):3140-3148. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2021.03.077
- Xerogeanes JW, Godfrey W, Gebrelul A, et al. Clinical outcomes of all soft tissue quadriceps tendon autograft in ACL reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5(7 suppl6):2325967117S00310. doi:10.1177/2325967117S00310
- Lopes R, Klouche S, Odri G, Grimaud O, Lanternier H, Hardy P. Does retrograde tibial tunnel drilling decrease subchondral bone lesions during ACL reconstruction? a prospective trial comparing retrograde to antegrade technique. Knee. 2016;23(1):111-115. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2015.09.010
- Blackman AJ, Stuart MJ. All-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg. 2014;27(5):347-352. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1381960
- van Eck CF, Limpisvasti O, ElAttrache NS. Is there a role for internal bracing and repair of the anterior cruciate ligament? a systematic literature review. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(9):2291-2298. doi:10.1177/0363546517717956
- Benea H, d'Astorg H, Klouche S, Bauer T, Tomoaia G, Hardy P. Pain evaluation after all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and short term functional results of a prospective randomized study. Knee. 2014;21(1):102-106. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2013.09.006
- Bodendorfer BM, Michaelson EM, Shu HT, et al. Suture augmented versus standard anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a matched comparative analysis. Arthroscopy. 2019;35(7):2114-2122. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.01.054
- Burton DA, Schaefer EJ, Shu HT, Bodendorfer BM, Argintar EH. Primary anterior cruciate ligament repair using suture tape augmentation: a case series of 29 patients with minimum 2-year follow-up. Arthroscopy. 2021;37(4):1235-1241. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2020.11.034
- Noonan BC, Bachmaier S, Wijdicks CA, Bedi A. Independent suture tape reinforcement of tripled smaller-diameter and quadrupled grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with tibial screw fixation: a biomechanical full construct model. Arthroscopy. 2020;36(2):481-489. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.06.036
- Bachmaier S, Smith PA, Bley J, Wijdicks CA. Independent suture tape reinforcement of small and standard diameter grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a biomechanical full construct model. Arthroscopy. 2018;34(2):490-499. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2017.10.037
- Heusdens CHW, Hopper GP, Dossche L, Roelant E, Mackay GM. Anterior cruciate ligament repair with independent suture tape reinforcement: a case series with 2-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019;27(1):60-67. doi:10.1007/s00167-018-5239-1
- Sonnery-Cottet B, Haidar I, Rayes J, et al. Long-term graft rupture rates after combined ACL and anterolateral ligament reconstruction versus isolated ACL reconstruction: a matched-pair analysis from the SANTI study group. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49(11):2889-2897. doi:10.1177/03635465211028990
- Monaco E, Carrozzo A, Saithna A, et al. Isolated ACL reconstruction versus ACL reconstruction combined with lateral extra-articular tenodesis: a comparative study of clinical outcomes in adolescent patients. Am J Sports Med. 2022;50(12):3244-3255. doi:10.1177/03635465221118377
- Lubowitz JH, Schwartzberg R, Smith P. Randomized controlled trial comparing all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a full tibial tunnel. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(7):1195-1200. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.04.009
- Mayo Clinic. ACL injury: diagnosis & treatment. Diseases & Conditions. Accessed September 22, 2023. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350744